Bibliography

Nardone, A., Ronchi, B., Lacetera, N., Ranieri, M.S. and Bernabucci, U., 2010. Effects of climate changes on animal production and sustainability of livestock systems. Livestock Science130(1), pp.57-69.

Rojas-Downing, M.M., Nejadhashemi, A.P., Harrigan, T. and Woznicki, S.A., 2017. Climate change and livestock: Impacts, adaptation, and mitigation. Climate Risk Management16, pp.145-163.

Thornton, P.K., 2010. Livestock production: recent trends, future prospects. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences365(1554), pp.2853-2867.

Spedding, C.R.W., 1988. Mixed Farming Systems. In An Introduction to Agricultural Systems (pp. 125-129). Springer, Dordrecht.

THORNTON, P. K. & HERRERO, M. 2014. Climate change adaptation in mixed crop–livestock systems in developing countries. Global Food Security, 3, 99-107.

BLACKBURN, H. Livestock production, the environment and mixed farming systems.  Livestock and the environment. Proceeding of an International Conference. International Agricultural Center, Wageningen, the Netherlands, 1998. 114-123.

HERRERO, M., THORNTON, P. K., NOTENBAERT, A. M., WOOD, S., MSANGI, S., FREEMAN, H., BOSSIO, D., DIXON, J., PETERS, M. & VAN DE STEEG, J. 2010. Smart investments in sustainable food production: revisiting mixed crop-livestock systems. Science, 327, 822-825.

Igono, M.O., Bjotvet, G., Sanford-Crane, H.T.  1992. Environmental profile and the critical temperature effects on milk production and Holstein cows in desert climate. Int. J. Biometeorol., 36, 77-87

Silanikove, N., 2000. Effects of heat stress on the welfare of extensively managed domestic ruminants. Livestock production science67(1), pp.1-18.

DE CLERCQ, E. M., LETA, S., ESTRADA-PEÑA, A., MADDER, M., ADEHAN, S. & VANWAMBEKE, S. O. 2015. Species distribution modelling for Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) in Benin, West Africa: Comparing datasets and modelling algorithms. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 118, 8-21.

AMAMOU, H., SASSI, M. B., AOUADI, H., KHEMIRI, H., MAHOUACHI, M., BECKERS, Y. & HAMMAMI, H. 2018. Climate change-related risks and adaptation strategies as perceived in dairy cattle farming systems in Tunisia. Climate Risk Management.

ANDERSON, T. R., HAWKINS, E. & JONES, P. D. 2016. CO2, the greenhouse effect and global warming: from the pioneering work of Arrhenius and Callendar to today’s Earth System Models. Endeavour, 40, 178-187.

ANGEVIN, F., FORTINO, G., BOCKSTALLER, C., PELZER, E. & MESSÉAN, A. 2017. Assessing the sustainability of crop production systems: Toward a common framework? Crop Protection, 97, 18-27.

AYAL, D. Y. & LEAL FILHO, W. 2017. Farmers’ perceptions of climate variability and its adverse impacts on crop and livestock production in Ethiopia. Journal of Arid Environments, 140, 20-28.

BADINGA, L., COLLIER, R. J., THATCHER, W. W. & WILCOX, C. J. 1985. Effects of Climatic and Management Factors on Conception Rate of Dairy Cattle in Subtropical Environment1. Journal of Dairy Science, 68, 78-85.

BARRETT, C. B. 2008. Smallholder market participation: Concepts and evidence from eastern and southern Africa. Food Policy, 33, 299-317.

BAUDOIN, M.-A., VOGEL, C., NORTJE, K. & NAIK, M. 2017. Living with drought in South Africa: lessons learnt from the recent El Niño drought period. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 23, 128-137.

BERG, R. T. & BUTTERFIELD, R. M. 1976. New concepts of cattle growth, Sydney University Press, University of Sydney.

BERMAN, A. 2005. Estimates of heat stress relief needs for Holstein dairy cows 1. Journal of animal science, 83, 1377-1384.

BERNABUCCI, U., LACETERA, N., BAUMGARD, L. H., RHOADS, R. P., RONCHI, B. & NARDONE, A. 2010. Metabolic and hormonal acclimation to heat stress in domesticated ruminants. Animal, 4, 1167-1183.

BETT, B., KIUNGA, P., GACHOHI, J., SINDATO, C., MBOTHA, D., ROBINSON, T., LINDAHL, J. & GRACE, D. 2017. Effects of climate change on the occurrence and distribution of livestock diseases. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 137, 119-129.

BLACKSHAW, J. K. & BLACKSHAW, A. 1994. Heat stress in cattle and the effect of shade on production and behaviour: a review. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 34, 285-295.

BLOCK, J., CHASE, C. & HANSEN, P. 2002. Inheritance of resistance of bovine preimplantation embryos to heat shock: relative importance of the maternal versus paternal contribution. Molecular reproduction and development, 63, 32-37.

BOHMANOVA, J., MISZTAL, I. & COLE, J. 2007. Temperature-humidity indices as indicators of milk production losses due to heat stress. Journal of dairy science, 90, 1947-1956.

BOND, P. 1999. Basic infrastructure for socio-economic development, environmental protection and geographical desegregation: South Africa’s unmet challenge. Geoforum, 30, 43-59.

BOSIRE, C. K., LANNERSTAD, M., DE LEEUW, J., KROL, M. S., OGUTU, J. O., OCHUNGO, P. A. & HOEKSTRA, A. Y. 2017. Urban consumption of meat and milk and its green and blue water footprints—Patterns in the 1980s and 2000s for Nairobi, Kenya. Science of The Total Environment, 579, 786-796.

BOURAOUI, R., LAHMAR, M., MAJDOUB, A., DJEMALI, M. N. & BELYEA, R. 2002. The relationship of temperature-humidity index with milk production of dairy cows in a Mediterranean climate. Animal Research, 51, 479-491.

BOUWMAN, A. F., VAN DER HOEK, K. W., EICKHOUT, B. & SOENARIO, I. 2005. Exploring changes in world ruminant production systems. Agricultural Systems, 84, 121-153.

BROOM, D. M. 2010. Animal welfare: an aspect of care, sustainability, and food quality required by the public. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education, 37, 83-88.

BRYAN, E., DERESSA, T. T., GBETIBOUO, G. A. & RINGLER, C. 2009. Adaptation to climate change in Ethiopia and South Africa: options and constraints. Environmental Science & Policy, 12, 413-426.

BURESH, R. & TIAN, G. 1997. Soil improvement by trees in sub-Saharan Africa. Agroforestry systems, 38, 51-76.

BURGER, T. D., SHAO, R. & BARKER, S. C. 2014. Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial genome sequences indicates that the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, contains a cryptic species. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 76, 241-253.

CALZADILLA, A., ZHU, T., REHDANZ, K., TOL, R. S. J. & RINGLER, C. 2014. Climate change and agriculture: Impacts and adaptation options in South Africa. Water Resources and Economics, 5, 24-48.

CAMPBELL, B. D. & STAFFORD SMITH, D. M. 2000. A synthesis of recent global change research on pasture and rangeland production: reduced uncertainties and their management implications. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 82, 39-55.

COLLIER, R., BEEDE, D., THATCHER, W., ISRAEL, L. & WILCOX, C. 1982. Influences of Environment and Its Modification on Dairy Animal Health and Production1. Journal of Dairy Science, 65, 2213-2227.

COOK, C. C. & GRUT, M. 1989. Agroforestry in Sub-Saharan Africa. Technical paper.

CUNNINGHAM, E. P. & SYRSTAD, O. 1987. Crossbreeding bos indicus and bos taurus for milk production in the tropics. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO).

DAFF 2017a. Abstract of Agricultural Statistics. In: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, F. A. F. (ed.). South Africa, Pretoria: Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries.

DAFF 2017b. Trends in Agricultural sector 2017. In: DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, F. A. F. (ed.). South Africa: Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF).

DAFF. 2018. Statistics and Economics publications and Reports. Livestock numbers from 1996 to current [Online]. South Africa: Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. Available: http://www.daff.gov.za [Accessed 18-08 2018].

DE RENSIS, F. & SCARAMUZZI, R. J. 2003. Heat stress and seasonal effects on reproduction in the dairy cow—a review. Theriogenology, 60, 1139-1151.

DELGADO, C. L. 2003. Rising consumption of meat and milk in developing countries has created a new food revolution. The Journal of nutrition, 133, 3907S-3910S.

DERESSA, T. T., HASSAN, R. M. A. & RINGLER, C. 2011. Perception of and adaptation to climate change by farmers in the Nile basin of Ethiopia. journal of agricultural Science, 149, 23-31.

DU PREEZ, J., GIESECKE, W. & HATTINGH, P. 1990. Heat stress in dairy cattle and other livestock under southern African conditions. I. Temperature-humidity index mean values during the four main seasons. The Onderstepoort journal of veterinary research, 57, 77-87.

ESCARCHA, J. F., LASSA, J. A., PALACPAC, E. P. & ZANDER, K. K. 2018. Understanding climate change impacts on water buffalo production through farmers’ perceptions. Climate Risk Management.

FAROOQ, U., SAMAD, H., SHEHZAD, F. & QAYYUM, A. 2010. Physiological responses of cattle to heat stress. World Appl. Sci. J, 8, 38-43.

FORSTER, P., RAMASWAMY, V., ARTAXO, P., BERNTSEN, T., BETTS, R., FAHEY, D. W., HAYWOOD, J., LEAN, J., LOWE, D. C. & MYHRE, G. 2007. Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. Chapter 2. Climate Change 2007. The Physical Science Basis.

GALE, P., DREW, T., PHIPPS, L., DAVID, G. & WOOLDRIDGE, M. 2009. The effect of climate change on the occurrence and prevalence of livestock diseases in Great Britain: a review. Journal of applied microbiology, 106, 1409-1423.

GARCIA-PENICHE, T., CASSELL, B., PEARSON, R. & MISZTAL, I. 2005. Comparisons of Holsteins with Brown Swiss and Jersey cows on the same farm for age at first calving and first calving interval. Journal of dairy science, 88, 790-796.

GAUGHAN, J., LACETERA, N., VALTORTA, S. E., KHALIFA, H. H., HAHN, L. & MADER, T. 2009. Response of domestic animals to climate challenges. Biometeorology for adaptation to climate variability and change. Springer.

GERBER, P. J., STEINFELD, H., HENDERSON, B., MOTTET, A., OPIO, C., DIJKMAN, J., FALCUCCI, A. & TEMPIO, G. 2013. Tackling climate change through livestock: a global assessment of emissions and mitigation opportunities, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).

GERSSEN-GONDELACH, S. J., LAUWERIJSSEN, R. B. G., HAVLÍK, P., HERRERO, M., VALIN, H., FAAIJ, A. P. C. & WICKE, B. 2017. Intensification pathways for beef and dairy cattle production systems: Impacts on GHG emissions, land occupation and land use change. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 240, 135-147.

GODFRAY, H. C. & GARNETT, T. 2014. Food security and sustainable intensification. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 369.

GODFRAY, H. C. J., BEDDINGTON, J. R., CRUTE, I. R., HADDAD, L., LAWRENCE, D., MUIR, J. F., PRETTY, J., ROBINSON, S., THOMAS, S. M. & TOULMIN, C. 2010. Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. science, 327, 812-818.

HAHN, G. 1999. Dynamic responses of cattle to thermal heat loads. Journal of Animal Science, 77, 10-20.

HAHN, G. L., GAUGHAN, J. B., MADER, T. L. & EIGENBERG, R. A. 2009. Thermal indices and their applications for livestock environments. Livestock energetics and thermal environment management. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers.

HANSEN, P. J. 2004. Physiological and cellular adaptations of zebu cattle to thermal stress. Animal Reproduction Science, 82-83, 349-360.

HANSEN, P. J. 2009. Effects of heat stress on mammalian reproduction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 364, 3341-3350.

HARDING, G., COURTNEY, C. & RUSSO, V. 2017. When geography matters. A location-adjusted blue water footprint of commercial beef in South Africa. Journal of Cleaner Production, 151, 494-508.

HERBUT, P. & ANGRECKA, S. 2012. Forming of temperature-humidity index (THI) and milk production of cows in the free-stall barn during the period of summer heat. Animal Science Papers & Reports, 30.

HERNÁNDEZ, A., DOMÍNGUEZ, B., CERVANTES, P., MUÑOZ-MELGAREJO, S., SALAZAR-LIZÁN, S. & TEJEDA-MARTÍNEZ, A. 2011. Temperature-humidity index (THI) 1917-2008 and future scenarios of livestock comfort in Veracruz, México. Atmósfera, 24, 89-102.

HERRERO, M., THORNTON, P. K., NOTENBAERT, A. M., WOOD, S., MSANGI, S., FREEMAN, H., BOSSIO, D., DIXON, J., PETERS, M. & VAN DE STEEG, J. 2010. Smart investments in sustainable food production: revisiting mixed crop-livestock systems. Science, 327, 822-825.

HILL, D. L. & WALL, E. 2017. Weather influences feed intake and feed efficiency in a temperate climate. Journal of Dairy Science, 100, 2240-2257.

HUNTER, P. 2003. Climate change and waterborne and vector‐borne disease. Journal of applied microbiology, 94, 37-46.

HURRELL, J. W. & DESER, C. 2010. North Atlantic climate variability: The role of the North Atlantic Oscillation. Journal of Marine Systems, 79, 231-244.

IPCC 2001. Climate change 2001: The scientific basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the third assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. USA, New York: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

IPCC 2007a. Climate Change: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

IPCC 2007b. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Projections of Future Changes in Climate. In: SOLOMON, S., D. QIN, M. MANNING, Z. CHEN, M. MARQUIS, K.B. AVERYT & MILLER, M. T. A. H. L. (eds.). United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

JORDAN, E. 2003. Effects of heat stress on reproduction. Journal of Dairy Science, 86, E104-E114.

KABIR, M. I., RAHMAN, M. B., SMITH, W., LUSHA, M. A. F., AND  & MILTON, A. H. 2016. Knowledge and perception about climate change and human health: findings from a baseline survey among vulnerable communities in Bangladesh. BMC public health, 16, 266.

KADZERE, C., MURPHY, M., SILANIKOVE, N. & MALTZ, E. 2002. Heat stress in lactating dairy cows: a review. Livestock Science, 77, 59-91.

KEARNEY, J. 2010. Food consumption trends and drivers. Philosophical transactions of the royal society B: biological sciences, 365, 2793-2807.

KHATRI-CHHETRI, A., AGGARWAL, P. K., JOSHI, P. & VYAS, S. 2017. Farmers’ prioritization of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) technologies. Agricultural systems, 151, 184-191.

KIPLING, R. P., BANNINK, A., BELLOCCHI, G., DALGAARD, T., FOX, N. J., HUTCHINGS, N. J., KJELDSEN, C., LACETERA, N., SINABELL, F., TOPP, C. F. E., VAN OIJEN, M., VIRKAJÄRVI, P. & SCOLLAN, N. D. 2016. Modeling European ruminant production systems: Facing the challenges of climate change. Agricultural Systems, 147, 24-37.

KIRK-DAVIDOFF, D. 2018. Chapter 3.4 – The Greenhouse Effect, Aerosols, and Climate Change. In: TÖRÖK, B. & DRANSFIELD, T. (eds.) Green Chemistry. Elsevier.

KOMATSUZAKI, M. & OHTA, H. 2007. Soil management practices for sustainable agro-ecosystems. Sustainability Science, 2, 103-120.

KONESWARAN, G. & NIERENBERG, D. 2008. Global farm animal production and global warming: impacting and mitigating climate change. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116, 578.

KUMAR, K. & GOH, K. 1999. Crop residues and management practices: effects on soil quality, soil nitrogen dynamics, crop yield, and nitrogen recovery. Advances in agronomy. Elsevier.

LOBELL, D. B. & GOURDJI, S. M. 2012. The influence of climate change on global crop productivity. Plant Physiology, 160, 1686-1697.

LYAMANI, H., OLMO, F. J. & ALADOS-ARBOLEDAS, L. 2008. Light scattering and absorption properties of aerosol particles in the urban environment of Granada, Spain. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 2630-2642.

MBOW, C., SMITH, P., SKOLE, D., DUGUMA, L. & BUSTAMANTE, M. 2014. Achieving mitigation and adaptation to climate change through sustainable agroforestry practices in Africa. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 6, 8-14.

MCMICHAEL, A. J., POWLES, J. W., BUTLER, C. D. & UAUY, R. 2007. Food, livestock production, energy, climate change, and health. The Lancet, 370, 1253-1263.

MEISSNER, H., SCHOLTZ, M. & ENGELBRECHT, F. 2013a. Sustainability of the South African Livestock Sector towards 2050 Part 2: Challenges, changes and required implementations. South African Journal of Animal Science, 43, 289-319.

MEISSNER, H., SCHOLTZ, M. & PALMER, A. 2013b. Sustainability of the South African livestock sector towards 2050 Part 1: Worth and impact of the sector. South African Journal of Animal Science, 43, 282-297.

MILKSA 2014. The Milk SA Guide to Dairy Farming- 2nd edition, Agri Connect (Pty) Ltd.

MMBENGWA, V., NYHODO, B., MYEKI, L., NGETHU, X. & VAN SCHALKWYK, H. 2015. Communal livestock farming in South Africa: Does this farming system create jobs for poverty stricken rural areas? Sylwan, 159, 176-192.

MONDAL, S. & REDDY, I. J. 2018. Chapter 8 – Impact of Climate Change on Livestock Production. Biotechnology for Sustainable Agriculture. Woodhead Publishing.

MOSS, R. H., EDMONDS, J. A., HIBBARD, K. A., MANNING, M. R., ROSE, S. K., VAN VUUREN, D. P., CARTER, T. R., EMORI, S., KAINUMA, M. & KRAM, T. 2010. The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment. Nature, 463, 747.

NAQVI, S., KUMAR, D., DE, K. & SEJIAN, V. 2015. Climate change and water availability for livestock: impact on both quality and quantity. Climate change impact on livestock: Adaptation and mitigation. Springer..

NRC 1971. A guide to environmental research on animals, National Academies.

PILLAY, P. 2001. South Africa in the 21 st Century: some key socio-economic challenges. South Africa, Jhb: Friedrick Ebert Stiftung.

POLSKY, L. & VON KEYSERLINGK, M. A. G. 2017. Invited review: Effects of heat stress on dairy cattle welfare. Journal of Dairy Science, 100, 8645-8657.

RAHMAN, M. B., SCHELLANDER, K., LUCEÑO, N. L. & VAN SOOM, A. 2018. Heat stress responses in spermatozoa: Mechanisms and consequences for cattle fertility. Theriogenology, 113, 102-112.

RENAUDEAU, D., COLLIN, A., YAHAV, S., DE BASILIO, V., GOURDINE, J. & COLLIER, R. 2012. Adaptation to hot climate and strategies to alleviate heat stress in livestock production. Animal, 6, 707-728.

RIGOLOT, C., DE VOIL, P., DOUXCHAMPS, S., PRESTWIDGE, D., VAN WIJK, M., THORNTON, P. K., RODRIGUEZ, D., HENDERSON, B., MEDINA, D. & HERRERO, M. 2017. Interactions between intervention packages, climatic risk, climate change and food security in mixed crop–livestock systems in Burkina Faso. Agricultural Systems, 151, 217-224.

RINGO, A. E., ADJOU MOUMOUNI, P. F., TAIOE, M., JIRAPATTHARASATE, C., LIU, M., WANG, G., GAO, Y., GUO, H., LEE, S.-H., ZHENG, W., EFSTRATIOU, A., LI, J., INOUE, N., SUZUKI, H., THEKISOE, O. & XUAN, X. 2018. Molecular analysis of tick-borne protozoan and rickettsial pathogens in small ruminants from two South African provinces. Parasitology International, 67, 144-149.

ROBINSON, T. P., THORNTON, P. K., FRANCESCHINI, G., KRUSKA, R., CHIOZZA, F., NOTENBAERT, A. M. O., CECCHI, G., HERRERO, M., EPPRECHT, M. & FRITZ, S. 2011. Global livestock production systems, FAO and ILRI.

SAWS 2017. A CLIMATE CHANGE REFERENCE ATLAS. In: AFRICA, E. A. S. (ed.). South Africa: South African Weather Services.

SCHNEIDER, U. A., HAVLÍK, P., SCHMID, E., VALIN, H., MOSNIER, A., OBERSTEINER, M., BÖTTCHER, H., SKALSKÝ, R., BALKOVIČ, J. & SAUER, T. 2011. Impacts of population growth, economic development, and technical change on global food production and consumption. Agricultural Systems, 104, 204-215.

SCHOLTZ, M., BESTER, J., MAMABOLO, J. & RAMSAY, K. 2008. Results of the national cattle survey undertaken in South Africa, with emphasis on beef. Appl. Anim. Husb. Rural Dev, 1, 1-9.

SCHOLTZ, M. & GROBLER, S. 2009. A systems approach to the South African dairy industry. South African Journal of Animal Science, 39, 121-125.

SCHOLTZ, M. M., MAIWASHE, A., MAGADLELA, M. A., TJELELE, T. J., NKOSI, B. D. A. & MATABANE, M. 2016. The reality of drought, consequences and mitigation strategies for livestock production in South Africa. Appl. Anim. Husb. Rural Dev, 9, 6-10.

SERÉ, C., STEINFELD, H. & GROENEWOLD, J. 1996. World livestock production systems, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

SHABALALA Z.P & M.E., M. 2015. Climate data patching program. South Africa: Agricultural Research Council- Institute for Soil, Climate and Water.

SIROHI, S., SIROHI, S. & PANDEY, P. 2010. Adapting Smallholder Dairy Production System to Climate Change. Natural and Anthropogenic Disasters. Springer.

SMITH, P. & OLESEN, J. E. 2010. Synergies between the mitigation of, and adaptation to, climate change in agriculture. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 148, 543-552.

SRIKANDAKUMAR, A. & JOHNSON, E. 2004. Effect of heat stress on milk production, rectal temperature, respiratory rate and blood chemistry in Holstein, Jersey and Australian Milking Zebu cows. Tropical animal health and production, 36, 685-692.

STAPLES, C. R. & THATCHER, W. W. 2016. Heat Stress: Effects on Milk Production and Composition☆. Reference Module in Food Science. Elsevier.

STEINFELD, H., GERBER, P., WASSENAAR, T., CASTEL, V. & DE HAAN, C. 2006a. Livestock’s long shadow: environmental issues and options, Food & Agriculture Org.

STEINFELD, H., WASSENAAR, T. & JUTZI, S. 2006b. Livestock production systems in developing countries: status, drivers, trends. Rev Sci Tech, 25, 505-516.

STOCKER, T. 2014. Climate change 2013: the physical science basis: Working Group I contribution to the Fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press.

THORNTON, P. K. 2010. Livestock production: recent trends, future prospects. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365, 2853-2867.

THORNTON, P. K., JONES, P. G., OWIYO, T., KRUSKA, R., HERRERO, M., KRISTJANSON, P., NOTENBAERT, A. M. O., BEKELE, N. & OMOLO, A. 2006. Mapping climate vulnerability and poverty in Africa.

THORNTON, P. K., VAN DE STEEG, J., NOTENBAERT, A. & HERRERO, M. 2009. The impacts of climate change on livestock and livestock systems in developing countries: A review of what we know and what we need to know. Agricultural Systems, 101, 113-127.

TILMAN, D., CASSMAN, K. G., MATSON, P. A., NAYLOR, R. & POLASKY, S. 2002. Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature, 418, 671.

TRENBERTH, K. E. 2011. Changes in precipitation with climate change. Climate Research, 47, 123-138.

UPTON, M. 2000. The livestock revolution-Implications for smallholder agriculture: A case study of milk and poultry production in Kenya. Food and Agriculture Organization Livestock Information and Policy Branch, AGAL.

VAN LAER, E., MOONS, C. P. H., SONCK, B. & TUYTTENS, F. A. M. 2014. Importance of outdoor shelter for cattle in temperate climates. Livestock Science, 159, 87-101.

WEST, J. 1994. Interactions of energy and bovine somatotropin with heat stress. Journal of Dairy Science, 77, 2091-2102.

WEST, J. 2003. Effects of heat-stress on production in dairy cattle. Journal of dairy science, 86, 2131-2144.