Bibliography

BAETHGEN, W. E. 2010. Climate risk management for adaptation to climate variability and change. Crop Science, 50, S-70-S-76.

BARRETT, C. B., BARNETT, B. J., CARTER, M., CHANTARAT, S., HANSEN, J. W., MUDE, A., OSGOOD, D. E., SKEES, J. R., TURVEY, C. G. & WARD, M. N. 2007. Poverty traps and climate risk: limitations and opportunities of index-based risk financing In: 2007 (ed.).

BARRON, J. 2004. Dry spell mitigation to upgrade semi-arid rainfed agriculture: Water harvesting and soil nutrient management for smallholder maize cultivation in Machakos, Kenya. Institutionen för systemekologi.

BARRON, J., ROCKSTRÖM, J., GICHUKI, F. & HATIBU, N. 2003. Dry spell analysis and maize yields for two semi-arid locations in east Africa. Agricultural and forest meteorology, 117, 23-37.

BHUTTA, Z. A., DAS, J. K., RIZVI, A., GAFFEY, M. F., WALKER, N., HORTON, S., WEBB, P., LARTEY, A., BLACK, R. E. & GROUP, T. L. N. I. R. 2013. Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost? The Lancet, 382, 452-477.

BLACK, E., TARNAVSKY, E., MAIDMENT, R., GREATREX, H., MOOKERJEE, A., QUAIFE, T. & BROWN, M. 2016. The use of remotely sensed rainfall for managing drought risk: a case study of weather index insurance in Zambia. Remote Sensing, 8, 342.

BRANDER, K. 2010. Impacts of climate change on fisheries. Journal of Marine Systems, 79, 389-402.

BROWN, C. & HANSEN, J. 2008. Agricultural water management and climate risk. International Research Institute for Climate and Society, Palisades, New York, USA, 19.

BRYAN, E., DERESSA, T. T., GBETIBOUO, G. A. & RINGLER, C. 2009. Adaptation to climate change in Ethiopia and South Africa: options and constraints. Environmental Science & Policy, 12, 413-426.

CABRERA, V. E., FRAISSE, C. W., LETSON, D., PODESTÁ, G. & NOVAK, J. 2006. Impact of climate information on reducing farm risk by optimizing crop insurance strategy. Transactions of the ASABE, 49, 1223-1233.

CARTER, M., DE JANVRY, A., SADOULET, E. & SARRIS, A. 2014. Index-based weather insurance for developing countries: A review of evidence and a set of propositions for up-scaling.

CHIKODZI, D. & MUTOWO, G. 2012. Agro-Ecological Zonation of Masvingo Province: Land Suitability Classification Factoring In Climate Change, Variability Swings and New Technology. 1: 318. doi: 10.4172/scientificreports. 318 Page 2 of 5 Volume 1• Issue 6• 2012 in a GIS to show the areal values of every location within the province. The derived parameters are, 2.

COLLIER, B., SKEES, J. & BARNETT, B. 2009. Weather Index Insurance and Climate Change: Opportunities and Challenges in Lower Income Countries. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance – Issues and Practice, 34, 401-424.

COOPER, P. & COE, R. 2011. Assessing and addressing climate-induced risk in sub-Saharan rainfed agriculture. Experimental Agriculture, 47, 179-184.

COOPER, P., DIMES, J., RAO, K., SHAPIRO, B., SHIFERAW, B. & TWOMLOW, S. 2008. Coping better with current climatic variability in the rain-fed farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa: An essential first step in adapting to future climate change? Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 126, 24-35.

CORNISH, G. 1998. Modern irrigation technologies for smallholders in developing countries, Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd (ITP).

DODD, D. E. & JOLLIFFE, I. T. 2001. Early detection of the start of the wet season in semiarid tropical climates of western Africa. International journal of climatology, 21, 1251-1262.

EAKIN, H. 2000. Smallholder maize production and climatic risk: A case study from Mexico. Climatic change, 45, 19-36.

FAO 2013. Climate-Smart Agriculture Source Book. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome. .

FAO 2017. National Gender Profile of Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods. Country Gender Assessment Series. Harare, Zimbabwe.

GREATREX, H., HANSEN, J. W., GARVIN, S., DIRO, R., BLAKELEY, S., LE GUEN, M., RAO, K. N. & OSGOOD, D. E. 2015. Scaling up index insurance for smallholder farmers: Recent evidence and insights. CCAFS Report No. 14. Copenhagen: CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security.

HANSEN, J. W., BAETHGEN, W., OSGOOD, D., CECCATO, P. & NGUGI, R. K. 2007. Innovations in climate risk management: protecting and building rural livelihoods in a variable and changing climate. Journal of Semi-Arid Tropical Agricultural Research, 4, 1-38.

HANSEN, J. W., MASON, S. J., SUN, L. & TALL, A. 2011. Review of seasonal climate forecasting for agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. Experimental Agriculture, 47, 205-240.

HELLMUTH, M. E., OSGOOD, D. E., HESS, U., MOORHEAD, A. & BHOJWANI, H. 2009. Index insurance and climate risk: Prospects for development and disaster management.

HELTBERG, R., JORGENSEN, S. L. & SIEGEL, P. B. 2008. Climate change, human vulnerability, and social risk management. World Bank, Washington, DC.

HESS, U. & SYROKA, H. 2005. Weather-based insurance in Southern Africa. The Case of Malawi, World Bank, Washington, DC, USA.

HLPE 2012. Food security and climate change. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome 2012. .

ILRI. Towards priority actions for market development for African farmers. Proceedings of an international conference, Nairobi, Kenya, 13-15 May 2009. Nairobi: AGRA and ILRI. 2011.

IPCC 2012. Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climat Change [Field, C.B., V. Barros, T.F. Stocker, D. Qin. D.J. Dokken, K.L. Ebi, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, G. K. Plattner, S.K. Allen, M. Tignor, and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, NY, USA, 582 pp. .

IPCC 2013. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. In Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.K., Tignor, M., Allen, S.K., Boschung, J., Midgley, P.M (Eds.). Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (pp.17-29). . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .

KEIL, A., ZELLER, M., WIDA, A., SANIM, B. & BIRNER, R. 2008. What determines farmers’ resilience towards ENSO-related drought? An empirical assessment in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Climatic Change, 86, 291-307.

LEBLOIS, A. & QUIRION, P. 2013. Agricultural insurances based on meteorological indices: realizations, methods and research challenges. Meteorological Applications, 20, 1-9.

LYBBERT, T. J., BARRETT, C. B., DESTA, S. & LAYNE COPPOCK, D. 2004. Stochastic wealth dynamics and risk management among a poor population. The Economic Journal, 114, 750-777.

MAMID 2013. Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanization and Irrigation Development: Agricultural Sector Gender Assessment [Report].

MARRA, M., PANNELL, D. J. & GHADIM, A. A. 2003. The economics of risk, uncertainty and learning in the adoption of new agricultural technologies: where are we on the learning curve? Agricultural systems, 75, 215-234.

MEINKE, H., DONALD, L., DEVOIL, P., POWER, B., BAETHGEN, W., HOWDEN, M., ALLAN, R. & BATES, B. How predictable is the climate and how can we use it in managing cropping risks.  New directions for a diverse planet: Proceedings of the 4th International Crop Science Congress, Brisbane, Australia, 2004.

MEINZEN-DICK, R., BERNIER, Q. & HAGLUND, E. 2013. The Six ‘ins’ of Climate-Smart Agriculture: Inclusive Institutions for Information, Innovation, Investment and Insurance. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).

MORTON, J. F. 2007. The impact of climate change on smallholder and subsistence agriculture. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 104, 19680-19685.

MUPANGWA, W., WALKER, S. & TWOMLOW, S. 2011. Start, end and dry spells of the growing season in semi-arid southern Zimbabwe. Journal of Arid Environments, 75, 1097-1104.

NCUBE, B., TWOMLOW, S., DIMES, J., VAN WIJK, M. & GILLER, K. 2009. Resource flows, crops and soil fertility management in smallholder farming systems in semi‐arid Zimbabwe. Soil Use and Management, 25, 78-90.

NHEDE, N. 2013. The Zimbabwe growth point phenomenon: impact and implications on public service delivery.

NIETO, J. D., FISHER, M., COOK, S., LÄDERACH, P. & LUNDY, M. 2012. Weather indices for designing micro-insurance products for small-holder farmers in the tropics. PloS one, 7, e38281.

PATT, A., SUAREZ, P. & GWATA, C. 2005. Effects of seasonal climate forecasts and participatory workshops among subsistence farmers in Zimbabwe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, 12623-12628.

PETERSON, N. D. 2012. Developing Climate Adaptation: The Intersection of Climate Research and Development Programmes in Index Insurance. Development and Change, 43, 557-584.

PHILLIPS, J., CANE, M. & ROSENZWEIG, C. 1998. ENSO, seasonal rainfall patterns and simulated maize yield variability in Zimbabwe. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 90, 39-50.

POWELL, B. & BRAHM, M. 2016. IRI Report: Feasibility of Global Weather Datasets for Index Insurance. IRI, Earth Institute, Columbia University.

ROCKSTRÖM, J., KAUMBUTHO, P., MWALLEY, J., NZABI, A., TEMESGEN, M., MAWENYA, L., BARRON, J., MUTUA, J. & DAMGAARD-LARSEN, S. 2009. Conservation farming strategies in East and Southern Africa: yields and rain water productivity from on-farm action research. Soil and Tillage Research, 103, 23-32.

ROJAS, O., VRIELING, A. & REMBOLD, F. 2011. Assessing drought probability for agricultural areas in Africa with coarse resolution remote sensing imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment, 115, 343-352.

SACHS, J., MCARTHUR, J. W., SCHMIDT-TRAUB, G., KRUK, M., BAHADUR, C., FAYE, M. & MCCORD, G. 2004. Ending Africa’s poverty trap. Brookings papers on economic activity, 2004, 117-240.

SALAMI, A., KAMARA, A. B. & BRIXIOVA, Z. 2010. Smallholder agriculture in East Africa: Trends, constraints and opportunities, African Development Bank Tunis.

SHAXSON, F. & BARBER, R. 2003. Optimizing soil moisture for plant production: The significance of soil porosity, Rome, Italy: UN-FAO.

SINGH, C., DARON, J., BAZAZ, A., ZIERVOGEL, G., SPEAR, D., KRISHNASWAMY, J., ZAROUG, M. & KITUYI, E. 2017. The utility of weather and climate information for adaptation decision-making: current uses and future prospects in Africa and India. Climate and Development, 1-17.

TADROSS, M., HEWITSON, B. & USMAN, M. 2005. The interannual variability of the onset of the maize growing season over South Africa and Zimbabwe. Journal of climate, 18, 3356-3372.

TENNANT, W. J. & HEWITSON, B. C. 2002. Intra‐seasonal rainfall characteristics and their importance to the seasonal prediction problem. International Journal of Climatology, 22, 1033-1048.

THOMAS, D. S., TWYMAN, C., OSBAHR, H. & HEWITSON, B. 2007. Adaptation to climate change and variability: farmer responses to intra-seasonal precipitation trends in South Africa. Climatic change, 83, 301-322.

THOMSON, M., ABAYOMI, K., BARNSTON, A. G., LEVY, M. & DILLEY, M. 2003. El Niño and drought in southern Africa. The Lancet, 361, 437-438.

UNGANAI, L. S., TRONI, J., MANATSA, D. & MUKARAKATE, D. 2013. Tailoring seasonal climate forecasts for climate risk management in rainfed farming systems of southeast Zimbabwe. Climate and Development, 5, 139-152.

VINCENT, V. & THOMAS, R. 1960. Agro-ecological Survey of Southern Rhodesia, Natural Regions and Areas 1: 1 000 000: And Related Farming Systems, Federal Ministry of agriculture.

VOGEL, C. & O’BRIEN, K. 2006. Who can eat information? Examining the effectiveness of seasonal climate forecasts and regional climate-risk management strategies. Climate Research, 33, 111-122.

WADDINGTON, S. R. Overview of the current situation and previous impact of adaptive agricultural research in southern Africa.  ACIAR proceedings, 1993. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, 7-7.

WANG, H. H., KARUAIHE, R. N., YOUNG, D. L. & ZHANG, Y. 2013. Farmers’ demand for weather-based crop insurance contracts: the case of maize in south africa. Agrekon, 52, 87-110.

WEKWETE, K. H. 1988. Rural Growth Points in Zimbabwe – prospects for the future. Journal of Social Development in Africa, 3, 5-16.